1 - hdparm命令
hdparm 命令用于显示与设定硬盘的参数，还可以测试硬盘的读取速度
介绍
在Linux下可以使用hdparm工具查看硬盘的相关信息或对硬盘进行测速、优化、修改硬盘相关参数设定。
安装
一般 ubutu server 都自带 hdparm 命令，如果没有则通过下面的命令安装：
sudo apt install hdparm
更新，如果遇到 HDIO_DRIVE_CMD(identify) failed: Inappropriate ioctl for device 错误：
$ sudo hdparm -tT /dev/nvme0n1p1
/dev/nvme0n1p1:
Timing cached reads: 20218 MB in 1.99 seconds = 10157.69 MB/sec
HDIO_DRIVE_CMD(identify) failed: Inappropriate ioctl for device
Timing buffered disk reads: 5302 MB in 3.00 seconds = 1767.28 MB/sec
则需要更新 hdparm 的版本，一般 apt 安装的版本是 v9.58：
$ hdparm -V
hdparm v9.58
最新版本下载地址： https://sourceforge.net/projects/hdparm/
目前最新的版本是 v9.65，下载完成后执行：
tar xvf hdparm-9.65.tar.gz
cd hdparm-9.65
make
sudo make install
查看新安装的版本：
$ hdparm -V
hdparm v9.65
这个时候就不会再出现 HDIO_DRIVE_CMD(identify) failed: Inappropriate ioctl for device 的报错了。
实践案例
查看硬盘的相关设置
sudo hdparm /dev/sdb1
输出为：
/dev/sdb1:
SG_IO: bad/missing sense data, sb[]: 70 00 05 00 00 00 00 0a 00 00 00 00 20 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
multcount = 0 (off)
readonly = 0 (off)
readahead = 256 (on)
geometry = 401023/255/63, sectors = 6442448863, start = 2048
其中 geometry 的参数解释为：
geometry = 401023［柱面数］/ 255［磁头数］/ 63［扇区数］, sectors = 6442448863［总扇区数］, start = 2048［起始扇区数］
测试硬盘的读取速度
sudo hdparm -t /dev/sdb1
输出为：
/dev/sdb1:
SG_IO: bad/missing sense data, sb[]: 70 00 05 00 00 00 00 0a 00 00 00 00 20 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
Timing buffered disk reads: 9652 MB in 3.00 seconds = 3217.29 MB/sec
测试硬盘缓存的读取速度
sudo hdparm -T /dev/sdb1
输出为：
/dev/sdb1:
Timing cached reads: 25838 MB in 1.99 seconds = 12959.95 MB/sec
检测硬盘的电源管理模式
sudo hdparm -C /dev/sdb1
输出为：
/dev/sdb1:
SG_IO: bad/missing sense data, sb[]: 70 00 05 00 00 00 00 0a 00 00 00 00 20 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
drive state is: standby
参考资料
2 - sandisk sn520的测试结果
sandisk sn520的测试结果
硬盘型号 sandisk sn520，容量 512G, m2 接口 nvme 协议， pcie 3.0 x4。
技嘉x99 + 10G M2
在技嘉 x99 ud4 主板上，m2 接口为 10G 带宽。
物理机安装 ubuntu 20.04 系统， 5.4 内核。
基本信息
$ lspci | grep disk
05:00.0 Non-Volatile memory controller: Sandisk Corp WD Black 2018/PC SN520 NVMe SSD (rev 01)
磁盘数据：
Disk /dev/nvme0n1: 465.78 GiB, 500107862016 bytes, 976773168 sectors
Disk model: WDC WDS500G1B0C-00S6U0
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: AB8D3D88-0124-404E-B1BC-658E567C569D
Device Start End Sectors Size Type
/dev/nvme0n1p1 2048 1050623 1048576 512M EFI System
/dev/nvme0n1p2 1050624 839911423 838860800 400G Linux filesystem
/dev/nvme0n1p3 839911424 976771071 136859648 65.3G Linux filesystem
分区信息：
sudo hdparm /dev/nvme0n1p3
/dev/nvme0n1p3:
HDIO_DRIVE_CMD(identify) failed: Inappropriate ioctl for device
readonly = 0 (off)
readahead = 256 (on)
HDIO_DRIVE_CMD(identify) failed: Inappropriate ioctl for device
geometry = 66826/64/32, sectors = 136859648, start = 839911424
速度测试
读取速度测试：
sudo hdparm -t /dev/nvme0n1p3
/dev/nvme0n1p3:
HDIO_DRIVE_CMD(identify) failed: Inappropriate ioctl for device
Timing buffered disk reads: 2294 MB in 3.00 seconds = 764.43 MB/sec
缓存读取速度测试：
sudo hdparm -T /dev/nvme0n1p3
/dev/nvme0n1p3:
Timing cached reads: 20412 MB in 1.99 seconds = 10261.23 MB/sec